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填空500(14/50)

A man begs forgiveness in the Chicago divorce court. 1948


【白板】

1. In the solar system, collisions involving cosmic objects are among the most ___ processes shaping surfaces: images of many solar system objects show a proliferation of impact craters formed throughout the past 4.5 billion years.

A. cataclysmic

B. pervasive 

C. misleading

D. uncontrollable 

E. random 


2. Many creative photographers were delighted to find in instant photography a mode  that encouraged them to stop viewing photography as ___ and start viewing it as something they could handle with spontaneity, even derision. 

A. sacrosanct

B. ephemeral 

C. malleable 

D. egalitarian 

E. autonomous 


3. Recent scholarship has questioned the (i)___ of tropical forests around the world. Archeologists have shown, for example, that the largest contiguous tract of what was thought to be virgin rain forest in the southern Amazon had been transformed into a cultural parkland before European contact, and many of the forest islands in West Africa’s savanna-forest transition zone are (ii)___ as well.

Blank (i)

Blank (ii)

A. diversity

D. isolated

B. naturalness

E. endangered

C. sustainability

F. anthropogenic


4. The researcher found that in assessing others, many people hold an unconscious view that competence and warmth are (i)___ : when they perceive a person to be highly capable, they infer that he or she must have a tendency to be (ii)___ .

Blank (i)

Blank (ii)

A. equally important

D. ambitious

B. mutually reinforcing

E. unfeeling

C. inversely related

F. disingenuous


5. Mr. Stevens found that home schooling, far from representing (i)___ philosophy, (ii)___ some of the most widely accepted education ideas that children should be treated as individuals, taught in small numbers, and even a measure of discretion over their own learning. 

Blank (i)

Blank (i)

A. a benign

D. overcomes

B. an orthodox

E. embodies

C. an anomalous

F. anticipates


6. Most capuchin monkey conflict involves such a (i)___ repertoire of gestural and vocal signals that it is difficult for researchers to tease apart the meanings of the individual signals. This (ii)___ is (iii)___ by the fact that many signals seem to shift in meaning according to the context in which they are produced and the developmental stage of the individuals producing them.

Blank (i)

Blank (ii)

Blank (iii)

A. precise

D. problem

G. augmented

B. rich

E. opportunity

H. ameliorated

C. straightforward

F. oversight

I. anticipated


7. Architects may be more extroverted and therefore the more ___ member of a bridge design team, but they are not always the most essential.

A. indispensable

B. conscientious 

C. reliable 

D. visible 

E. valuable 

F. salient 


8. Although scientific progress leads to constant revision of ideas, one observation that has remained ___ over the years is that there are a lot of insects in the world: some 950,000 species have been identified.

A. robust

B. significant 

C. strong

D. perplexing 

E. confounding 

F. obscure 


9. Anne Carson’s book Nox is, very deliberately, ___ literary object––the opposite of an e-reader, which is designed to vanish in your palm as you read on a train.

A. an evanescent

B. a cumbersome 

C. an immutable 

D. an unwieldy 

E. an ephemeral 

F. a flexible 


10. One of the peculiarities of humans is that we irrationally gravitate to the predictable and avoid risk, whatever the reasons for this ___ , it is hardly a sound basis for dealing with complex, long-term problems.

A. eccentricity

B. predilection

C. vacillation

D. proclivity

E. wavering

F. cowardice



【黑板】

1. In the solar system, collisions involving cosmic objects are among the most ___ processes shaping surfaces : images of many solar system objects show a proliferation of impact craters formed throughout the past 4.5 billion years.

A. cataclysmic

B. pervasive 

C. misleading

D. uncontrollable 

E. random 

选 B

翻译:在太阳系中,天体之间相撞是最普遍的一种塑造其表面形态的程序之一:许多太阳系天体的图像显示,过去的 45 亿年中,撞击造成的凹坑在不断增加。

solar system 太阳系

cosmic 宇宙的,极广阔的

cataclysmic 突然变故的,灾难的,战乱的

pervasive 弥散的,随处可见的

misleading (事物)给人错误信息的,误导的

proliferation 激增,(组织等)增殖,(细胞等)分裂、繁殖 < a nuclear non-proliferation treaty 核不扩散条约 >


2. Many creative photographers were delighted to find in instant photography a mode that encouraged them to stop viewing photography as ___ and start viewing it as something they could handle with spontaneity, even derision

A. sacrosanct

B. ephemeral 

C. malleable 

D. egalitarian 

E. autonomous 

选 A

翻译:许多有创造力的摄影师欣喜地发现,快速摄影这种方式鼓励他们对摄影去神圣化,并把摄影视为一种无约束的创作,甚至嘲笑的对象。

stop viewing … and start viewing … 过于明显的并列 / 对比关系,没标

sacrosanct 这个词首先是宗教意义上 “ 神圣的、至高的 ”,后来世俗化了,变成 “ 不容置疑、不容讨论,必须如此的 ”,比如 < 神圣 不可分割的部分 >。

ephemeral 短暂的,只活一天的,转瞬即逝的

malleable (金属等)可锻的、有延展性的,温和顺从的,易适应的

egalitarian 平等主义的,平等主义者

关于 egalitarianism / equalitariansm,两词都译作平等主义,很多语境下可以互换,汉语中还有 平均主义 的说法,英语其实只有平等主义,平等主义的理念在很多领域都有延伸,比如在法学领域,对应法律面前人人平等的原则,在经济学中,曾经有一种观点根据 平等主义 主张无条件的平均分配,现在多数人不认同这种分配方式,汉语中把这种观点变成了平均主义这个词(egalitarianism 在经济学中还衍生出其他一些主张,比如机会均等而非结果均等)。如果你在写作中想讨论平均主义的概念,建议你用更具体的描述,比方说 to distribute with equal shares,而不是用一种外国人不太看得懂的 ~ism,虽然多数英汉词典把 egalitarianism / equalitarianism 也译作 平均主义,免得误解。

autonomous 自治的,自主的,独立的


3. Recent scholarship has questioned the (i)___ of tropical forests around the world. Archeologists have shown, for example, that the largest contiguous tract of what was thought to be virgin rain forest in the southern Amazon had been transformed into a cultural parkland before European contact, and many of the forest islands in West Africa’s savanna-forest transition zone are (ii)___ as well.

Blank (i)

Blank (ii)

A. diversity

D. isolated

B. naturalness

E. endangered

C. sustainability

F. anthropogenic

选 BF 

翻译:近期有研究结果怀疑世界上的热带森林是否是天然的。例如考古学家指出,南亚马逊河流域最大的连续地区,以前被认为是原始雨林,其实在欧洲殖民者抵达这里以前已经变成(人工)栽种(树木)的公园,而很多西非草原-森林过度区域的森林岛屿也是人为的。

略难,多说几句。

scholarship 奖学金,学问,学识,学术成就,在本句中 scholarship 可理解为【AHD】knowledge resulting from study and research in a particular field

virgin 处女的,纯洁的,贞洁的,未开垦的,天然的,原始的

cultural 文化的,栽培的,养殖的

parkland 公共绿地【MWC】land with clumps of trees and shrubs in cultivated condition used as or suitable for use as a park,未必非得是一个挂着牌子的 “ XX公园 ”

savanna 热带草原(有比较稀疏的树木)

anthropogenic 因人类而起的,由人类造成的,人为的

句子先抛出了一个态度,近期研究质疑热带森林的 ____ 。

然后列出两个并列关系的证据,一是南亚马逊流域的以前被认为是原始雨林的地区,被考古学家证明在欧洲殖民者以前就变成人工种树的地区了;二是西非某些森林岛屿其实也是 ____ 的。

因为 and 连接了后两件事,所以第二空先判断应选 anthropogenic 人为的,再回到第一空,质疑热带森林的天然性 naturalness 。

如果有同学跟我一样选了 CE,那么他们需要证明南亚马逊河流域被改造的雨林,已经到了某种 endangered 的程度,以至于雨林作为一种自然资源已经不可持续了 unsustainable,unfortunately,在题目中找不到这方面过硬的证据。

网友 零。对本题理解有贡献,感谢。


4. The researcher found that in assessing others, many people hold an unconscious view that competence and warmth are (i)___ : when they perceive a person to be highly capable, they infer that he or she must have a tendency to be (ii)___ .

Blank (i)

Blank (ii)

A. equally important

D. ambitious

B. mutually reinforcing

E. unfeeling

C. inversely related

F. disingenuous

选 CE

翻译:研究者发现,很多人在评估他人时会下意识认为能力与友善无法共存:当他们认定某人能力超强时,会推测他或她一定冷酷无情。

找到冒号前后的对应关系,如果 competence 对应 highly capable,那么第二空肯定跟 warmth 有关,而只有 unfeeling 实在讨论一个人是否 warm 。

competence 胜任,称职,(做某事的)能力,、法官等的)管辖权

warmth 温暖,友好,喜爱,暖(色调)

mutually reinforcing 互相促进的

inversely related 逆相关的,有此无彼的

unfeeling 无生气的,无知觉的,冷酷无情的,残忍的

disingenuous 不真诚的,不坦率的,(尤指)装作不知道的


5. Mr. Stevens found that home schooling, far from representing (i)___  philosophy, (ii)___ some of the most widely accepted education ideas that children should be treated as individuals, taught in small numbers, and even a measure of discretion over their own learning. 

Blank (i)

Blank (i)

A. a benign

D. overcomes

B. an orthodox

E. embodies

C. an anomalous

F. anticipates

选 CE

翻译:斯蒂文斯先生发现,在家上学非但不离经叛道,而且体现了一些被大众最广为接受的理念,即对孩子应该因材施教,小班授课,甚至允许孩子自学。

benign 温厚和蔼的,气候宜人的,(医学)良性的、对健康无害的

orthodox 正统的

anomalous 异常的,不规则的

overcome 克服,战胜,获得胜利,超过

embody 体现,使…具体化,包括或含有某事物

discretion 谨慎,慎重,自行决断的自由,自由裁量

单词题。


6. Most capuchin monkey conflict involves such a (i)___ repertoire of gestural and vocal signals that it is difficult for researchers to tease apart the meanings of the individual signals. This (ii)___ is (iii)___ by the fact that many signals seem to shift in meaning according to the context in which they are produced and the developmental stage of the individuals producing them.

Blank (i)

Blank (ii)

Blank (iii)

A. precise

D. problem

G. augmented

B. rich

E. opportunity

H. ameliorated

C. straightforward

F. oversight

I. anticipated

选 BDG

翻译:卷尾猴之间的冲突,大多涉及一整套如此丰富的动作和叫声,研究者难以梳理出每个动作的含义。而许多动作的含义,似乎会随着情境以及猴子发育阶段的不同而改变,难度就更高了。

such a … that 比较初级的因果关系,没标

由 this 引导的第二空,比较明显地指向第一句中的 difficult,某事难以……,这种 困难 ……。再来判断第一空,seem to shift 似乎会改变,这种不确定的变化的暗示,直接否定了第一空填 precise 的可能,结合 diffcult to tease apart 难以梳理分离,可以确定选 rich,排除 straightforward 。最后判断第三空即可。

straightforward 直线的,直接的,容易完成的,坦诚直率的

repertoire 全部曲目,全部本领,一整套(某事物)

tease 梳(毛),回梳以使物体表面起绒蓬松,逗弄,嘲笑

oversight 监督,照管,疏忽,失察

augment 扩大,加剧,增加,补充

ameliorate 改善

anticipate 预感,期望,抢在…采取行动,使…提前发生、促进,预支


7. Architects may be more extroverted and therefore the more ___ member of a bridge design team, but they are not always the most essential.

A. indispensable

B. conscientious 

C. reliable 

D. visible 

E. valuable 

F. salient 

选 DF

翻译:也许因为设计师们更外向,所以在大桥设计团队中更显眼,但他们并不总是最重要的。

indispensable 不可或缺的,必不可少的

conscientious 认真尽责的,本着良心的,小心谨慎的

visible 看得到的,明显的,为人熟知的,可识别的

salient 突出的,杰出的,显眼的,弹跳的


8. Although scientific progress leads to constant revision of ideas, one observation that has remained ___ over the years is that there are a lot of insects in the world : some 950,000 species have been identified.

A. robust

B. significant 

C. strong

D. perplexing 

E. confounding 

F. obscure 

选 AC

翻译:尽管随着科学进步我们的观念经常被修改,但多年来有一个观察始终坚挺,世界上有大量昆虫:已经识别出的就有约 95 万种。

robust 【MWC】having or showing vigor,strength,or firmness < a robust debate 有力的抗辩 >,< a robust faith 坚定的信念 >

perplex 使困惑,使复杂化

confound 使困惑,使混乱,混淆,诅咒

obscure 暗淡的,模糊的,微弱的,偏僻的,隐蔽的,不引人注意的

some 此处为副词,大约,about,approximately


9. Anne Carson’s book Nox is, very deliberately, ___ literary object –– the opposite of an e-reader, which is designed to vanish in your palm as you read on a train.

A. an evanescent

B. a cumbersome 

C. an immutable 

D. an unwieldy 

E. an ephemeral 

F. a flexible 

选 BD

翻译:A C 的《 Nox 》显然是一本笨重的读物 —— 电子书则正相反,它就是设计来在火车旅途中供人打发时间的。

evanescent 逐渐消失的,消散的

cumbersome 行动迟缓的,笨重的

immutable 永恒不变的

unwieldy 笨重的,笨拙的

ephemeral 短暂的,短命的

flexible 柔软的,弹性的,温顺的,易适应的

vanish 本义为消失,designed to vanish in your palm as you read on a train,也许是指方便阅读,书的内容逐渐读完(消失),也许是指 e-reader 电子书作为一种掌中设备,小巧便携易收纳(消失),无论怎么理解,不影响选项的判断。

幸运的是,这一段在网上能找到原文:

…… For one, Nox is unwieldy. It is, very deliberately, a literary object—the opposite of an e-reader designed to vanish in your palm as you read on a train. It comes in a box the size of my external hard drive, and its pages fold out, accordion-style, to colonize all your available space.  ……

(http://nymag.com/arts/books/reviews/65592/)


10. One of the peculiarities of humans is that we irrationally gravitate to the predictable and avoid risk, whatever the reasons for this ___ , it is hardly a sound basis for dealing with complex, long-term problems.

A. eccentricity

B. predilection

C. vacillation

D. proclivity

E. wavering

F. cowardice

选 BD

翻译:人类的一个特点在于我们疯狂地追逐可预测的结果,规避风险,不论这种偏好有什么理由,它都不利于我们处理复杂的,长期存在的问题。

peculiarity 特征,特性,特点,怪癖

irrationally 不理智地,荒谬地,不合逻辑地,无理性地

gravitate 受引力作用而运动,向下运动,受…吸引,向…移动

eccentricity 古怪,反常

predilection 偏袒,偏爱

vacillation 动摇,犹豫,(情绪等)波动

proclivity 癖性,倾向性

waver 动摇,犹豫,踌躇,(光等)闪烁、摇曳

cowardice 胆怯

有的同学选了 eccentricity,的确这个选项带入句子,尤其是汉译听起来也蛮通顺,但 eccentricity 来源于 eccentric,偏离正常轨道的、偏离圆心、轴心的,如果我们说某物 eccentricity,显然隐含着一个较为正常的、符合逻辑或预期的比较对象,才能说某物跟那个正常的情况相比是怪异、反常的,但句子中比较的双方 predictable 和 risk 没有哪一个更正常,保守和冒险都可能在某些语境中是正面描述,在其他一些语境中是负面描述。所以最终 predilection / proclivity 倾向性、偏好是最佳答案。



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